Baroque architecture and urbanism

In the second half of the sixteenth century, when the Jesuits began their mission of world evangelisation, it was realised that artillery fortifications based the so-called trace italienne of ramparts and mutually-supportive bastions, were becoming insufficient to resist assault unless their early-sixteenth century component dimensional relationships were mathematically adjusted in plan and section to accommodate improved musket ranges and outworks placed in and beyond the ditch to guard all possible approaches. [fig.